Association of STAT3 polymorphism with tyrosine kinase inhibitors-induced safety and efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review
Original Article

Association of STAT3 polymorphism with tyrosine kinase inhibitors-induced safety and efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review

Chenkui Miao1*, Aiming Xu1*, Yuxiao Zheng1*, Chao Liang1, Jundong Zhu1, Ye Tian1, Binbin Ma2, Panpan Lu2, Weizhang Xu3, Xiao Li4

1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; 2Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Res, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, China; 4Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: C Miao, X Li; (II) Administrative support: C Miao, X Li; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: C Miao, A Xu, Y Zheng, X Li; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: C Miao, Y Zheng, X Li; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Xiao Li. Department of Urology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Email: leex91@163.com.

Background: To elucidate and summarize the safety and efficacy of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 polymorphism in tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)-treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

Methods: Relevant studies from PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were identified and included in this systematic review after elaborate screening. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to evaluate the correlation between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced events in mRCC.

Results: It was indicated that STAT3 polymorphism was associated with TKIs-induced events including stomatitis, hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR), and response in mRCC patients treated with TKIs. Considering its safety, STAT3 rs744166 was related to stomatitis development (n=1), and rs4796793 predicted the development and severity of HFSR (n=1). Furthermore, for its efficacy, STAT3 rs4796793, rs744166, and rs989119 were associated with treatment response (n=1).

Conclusions: Our systematic review revealed that STAT3 polymorphisms were associated with TKIs-induced safety and efficacy in patients with mRCC.

Keywords: STAT3; polymorphism; metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC); tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)

Received: 24 April 2017; Accepted: 08 May 2017; Published: 05 June 2017.

doi: 10.21037/amj.2017.05.09

Introduction

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide with its incidence continue to rise annually (1). Clear renal cell carcinoma (cRCC) constitutes approximately 83% of all RCC cases, which lead to the second mortality among patients suffering from urologic neoplasms (2,3). Although RCC can be clearly diagnosed at its early stage and cured by partial nephrectomy, approximately 30% and 20–40% patients still develop metastasis and recurrence after resection (4,5).

Because of its insensitivity to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, molecular-targeted drugs have emerged as a predominant therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) (6-9). Among various targeting-agents subtypes, the use of multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (mTKIs) is the standard first-line therapeutic option, including sorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib and so forth (10-13). Although certain mTKIs have been applied to clinical therapy, several problems such as the risk of adverse events and efficacy-loss have emerged during the current clinical trials (14-16). In a clinical study consisting of 104 mRCC patients with first-line TKIs treatment, 71.7% of patients had one or more toxicities such as arterial hypertension, hypothyroidism and hand-foot syndrome, only 18.3% suffered from any of the selected toxicities (17). A randomized phase 3 trial assigned 615 patients with mRCC and indicated that Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were more frequent in the sunitinib group (60.5%) than in the placebo group (19.4%) (18).

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, as a member of STAT family, was reported to play a pivotal role in signal transduction as well as transcription activity (19). STAT3 has also been verified to involve in regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survival (20). Furthermore, aberrant dysfunction of STAT3 is often involved in genitourinary tumors, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer (21). In RCC, STAT3 can participate in regulating tumor growth, invasion, and promoting tumor angiogenesis. For instance, Masuda et al quantified STAT3 mRNA levels in RCC patients and found that STAT3 was downregulated in tumor tissues than normal tissues (22). Zhou et al. analyzed the gene expression profiles of RCC and found activation of STAT3 promoted tumor growth via ERK signaling pathways (23).

In addition, as a point of convergence for the signaling pathways downstream of numerous tyrosine kinases, STAT3 polymorphism has been associated with treatment response to TKIs in mRCC, as well as the incidence of adverse events (9,24). In a retrospective study of Japanese, STAT3 polymorphism was related to sunitinib-induced stomatitis in patients with mRCC (25). Moreover, study of Yamamoto et al suggested that STAT3 polymorphism could predict hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR) and tumor response to TKIs treatment in mRCC patients (9,26). However, the function of STAT3 polymorphism involved in TKIs-treated safety and efficacy is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review to obtain a better understanding of the correlation.

Methods

Search strategy

We searched several electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science to identify relevant literature up date to April 30th, 2017. A “PRISMA” guideline was applied to the literature screening process in this systematic review (27).

Primarily, only studies published in English could be included to in this systematic review. For the literature retrieval, following medical subject and text words were utilized: (“STAT3”, or “signal transducer and activator of transcription 3”), (“genetic polymorphism”, or “SNP”, or “single nucleotide polymorphism”), and (“renal cell carcinoam”, or “metastatic renal cell carcinoma”, or “mRCC”, or “RCC”). To minimize article omissions, the reference lists of eligible studies were manually screened for additional publications. A flow diagram of the study selection process is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the study selection process.

Quality assessment

We used a critical review checklist to systematically assess the quality of all studies included. The following inclusion criteria should be contained: (I) the relationship between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced events in mRCC; (II) clear STAT3 polymorphism sites in eligible articles; (III) non-overlapping available data in different studies. Conversely, studies were excluded when they did not cover the points above.

Data extraction

All relevant data of included studies were identified by two investigators (C Miao and A Xu) independently to rule out any discrepancy. Extracted data were reviewed by a third investigator (Y Zheng). The following elements were recorded: (I) the first author’s name, publication year; (II) ethnicity; (III) patient numbers (case and control); (IV) treatment of TKIs; (V) STAT3 polymorphism sites; (VI); TKIs-induced events; odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced events were extracted from enrolled studies. All data information mentioned above was comprehensively presented in Tables 1,2.

Table 1

Main characteristics of studies included in this systematic review

First author Year Age Gender Ethnicity Patients number Treatment Detected sample STAT3 polymorphism Events MSKCC risk group
Male Female Total Control Case Favorable Intermediate Poor
Watanabe (25) 2017 67.5 [41–89] 36 16 Asian 52 30 22 Sunitinib Blood rs744166/rs4796793 Stomatitis NR NR NR
Yamamoto (9) 2016 70.6 [40–90] 43 17 Asian 60 14 46 Sunitinib/sorafenib/axitinib Blood rs4796793 HFSR 18 39 3
Yamamoto (26) 2016 70.9 [40–90] 34 16 Asian 50 33 17 Sunitinib/sorafenib/axitinib Blood rs744166/rs4796793/rs9891119 Response 25 24 1

HFSR, hand-foot skin reactions; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; NR, not reported.

Table 2

Association between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced events in mRCC

First author Year Events STAT3 polymorphism Allele/genotype Non-events Events OR 95% CI P value
Safety
   Watanabe (25) 2017 Stomatitis rs744166 T 30 31 2.39 1.05–5.43 0.045*
C 39 13
TT 10 11 2 0.65–6.19 0.26
TC + CC 20 11
TT + TC 20 20 5 0.97–25.8 0.051
CC 10 2
rs4796793 C 31 31 2.23 0.98–5.08 0.069
G 29 13
CC 10 11 2 0.65–6.19 0.26
CG + GG 20 11
CC + CG 21 20 4.29 0.82–22.3 0.092
GG 9 2
   Yamamoto (9) 2016 HFSR rs4796793 G 18 27 4.33 1.80–10.45 0.001*
C 10 65
GG 6 3 10.75 2.38–48.07 0.001*
CC + CG 8 43
CG + GG 12 24 5.5 1.21–24.16 0.025*
CC 2 22
HFSR severity rs4796793 CG + GG 14 0 0.8 0.25–2.58 0.769
CC 14 18
HFSR with sunitinib rs4796793 GG 5 2 15 2.37–93.28 0.002*
GC + CC 4 24
CG + GG 7 12 4.08 0.78–20.45 0.101
CC 2 14
Efficacy
   Yamamoto (26) 2016 Response rs4796793 G 33 8 3.25 1.30–8.07 0.018*
C 33 26
GG 8 1 5.12 0.73–33.84 0.141
CC + CG 25 16
CC 8 10 4.46 1.31–15.28 0.028*
CG + GG 25 7
rs744166 C 33 9 2.78 1.14–6.74 0.032*
T 33 25
CC 8 2 2.4 0.50–11.20 0.461
TT + TC 25 15
TT 8 10 4.46 1.31–15.28 0.028*
TC + CC 25 7
rs9891119 C 33 9 2.78 1.14–6.74 0.032*
A 33 25
CC 8 2 2.4 0.50–11.20 0.461
CA + AA 25 15
AA 8 10 4.46 1.31–15.28 0.028*
CC + CA 25 7

*, P<0.05. TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma; HFSR, hand-foot skin reactions; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Results

Summary of eligible studies

A total of three relevant studies were finally applicable to this systematic review, including 162 patients (113 males and 49 females). The mean age was 69.7, ranging from 40 to 90. All included studies were performed in Asian population. DNA was isolated from blood samples of all patients except one from blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, risk group stratification was reported on basis of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic criteria in two studies (28). The detailed characteristics of enrolled studies were summarized in Table 1.

The present series comprised RCC patients who were diagnosed with metastases foci and subsequently treated with TKIs as a first line therapy. Among the three studies, patients of 2 studies received multiple TKIs treatment including sunitinib, sorafenib, and axitinib, and 1 reported only sunitinib as implemented. Besides, the TKIs-induced events of three enrolled studies consisted of stomatitis, responder, and HFSR, respectively. Evaluation of these adverse events was generally determined using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0 or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors ver.1.1, basing on patients' medical records. Among the three studies, several STAT3 SNP sites including rs744166, rs4796793 and rs9891119 were reported to correlate with events caused by TKIs treatments. Association data between the two were exhibited in Table 2.

Association between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced safety

Our systematic review suggested that STAT3 polymorphism served as a predictive factor for several adverse events induced by first line TKIs therapy in patients with mRCC. Watanabe et al. (25) conducted a retrospective analysis and reported the association between sunitinib-induced stomatitis and STAT3 polymorphism. STAT3 rs744166 (allele T vs. C) had a tendency to participate in sunitinib-induced stomatitis development (OR =2.39; 95% CI, 1.05–5.43; P=0.045; Table 2). However, no significant association was observed between rs744166 (genotype TT vs. TC + CC, TT + TC vs. CC), rs4796793 (allele C vs. G; genotype CC vs. CG + GG, CC + CG vs. GG; Table 2) and stomatitis risk.

Furthermore, Yamamoto et al. (9) reported that STAT3 rs4796793 genotype appeared to be a novel factor for TKIs-induced HFSR in patients with mRCC. Among their results, rs4796793 G allele was related to deferred HFSR development (OR =4.33; 95% CI, 1.80–10.45; P=0.001; Table 2). rs4796793 (genotype GG vs. CC + CG) exerted a negative association with HFSR (OR =10.75; 95% CI, 2.38–48.07; P=0.001), as well as CG + GG vs. CC (OR =5.5; 95% CI, 1.21–24.16; P=0.025; Table 2). Moreover, in patients treated with sunitinib as initial therapy, rs4796793 G allele homozygosity revealed a significant adverse relation (OR =15.00; 95% CI, 2.37–93.28, P=0.002; Table 2) with the development of HFSR. Nevertheless, similar relevant conclusion was not obtained between all rs4796793 models and HFSR severity in mTKIs-treated mRCC patients.

Association between STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced efficacy

In another study of Yamamoto et al. (26), they declared that STAT3 polymorphisms were associated with treatment response to TKIs. STAT3 rs4796793 C allele was significantly correlated with the treatment response (OR =3.25; 95% CI, 1.30–8.07; P=0.018; Table 2). Such connection was also observed between rs744166 (allele C vs. T) and rs9891119 (allele C vs. A; Table 2). Moreover, the homozygosity of the C allele of rs4796793, the T allele of rs744166, and the A allele of rs989119 could also predict the mRCC response to TKIs therapy (Table 2).

Discussion

Nowadays, mTKIs have been widely used as the standard treatment for patients with mRCC, such as sorafenib, sunitinib, and axitinib (11,29,30). However, it is suggested that long-term treatment of mTKIs may result in severe adverse reactions, including hypertension, fatigue, and stomatitis, HFSR and other toxicities (9,25,31). Dysregulation of several proteins like STAT3, VEGF, and ABCG2 may account for the occurrence of these adverse events mediated through TKIs (25,32,33).

STAT3, which belongs to the STAT family, is involved in mediating cellular responses to cytokines (34). STAT3 activators comprise IL-6, EGF, S1P, Src family members and growth factor receptors that possess intrinsic tyrosine-kinase activity, such EGFRs, HGF receptor and PDGFR (35-38). Furthermore, STAT3 is activated by the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 705 by JAK (39). Activated pSTAT3 forms dimers and binds to specific DNA-response elements to promote the transcription of selected genes (21).

Recent investigations have revealed that STAT3 signaling pathways involves in the response to treatment in RCC. For instance, axitinib as one of the VEGFR-TKIs, has been reported to regulate antitumor immunity by down-regulating STAT3 expression (40). In addition, a RCC study in vitro has reported that the underlying mechanism of antitumor effects of sunitinib was partly attributed to the inhibition of STAT3 expression. In recent works, the association of STAT3 polymorphisms with various diseases as well as treatment toxicity has been confirmed in Asian population (41-44). In particular, STAT3 rs4796793 is known to modulate its mRNA expression in B lymphocyte cell lines as a consequence of its location in the 5’-flanking region of STAT3 (42). A previous study has also reported the incidence of mTKIs-induced skin toxicity by the inhibition of STAT3 activity in human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro (33). Therefore, different adverse events induced by mTKIs treatment in RCC patients may be partially ascribed to the STAT3 activity regulated by specific STAT3 polymorphisms.

In our study, we first reviewed the association between STAT3 polymorphisms and TKIs-induced safety and efficacy in patients with mRCC. Relevant events of available studies included the stomatitis, the development and severity of HFSR, and the response. Report of Watanabe indicated that only STAT3 rs744166 (allele T vs. C) are related to the development of stomatitis in sunitinib-treated mRCC patients. However, the probability of certain false positive in STAT3 rs744166 might exist in the positive results, because stomatitis development depended on various factors such as infections in immunocompromised patients, poor oral hygiene, nutritional deficiency, or steroid administration (45). Additionally, STAT3 polymorphisms were also associated with the development and severity of HFSR, which has emerged as a common toxicity in mRCC population treated with mTKIs. The progression of HFSR might be led by the low levels of STAT3 mRNA, as a result of decreased transcription of genes encoding various apoptosis suppressors, including survivin, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), in keratinocytes (46-48). However, further confirmation of studies with large-scale sample size was required.

In consideration of its effects on TKIs-treated efficacy, three STAT3 polymorphisms (rs744166, rs4796793, rs9891119) were found to be associated with the treatment response to mTKIs in patients with mRCC. Differences in responses to mTKIs by different STAT3 polymorphisms might attribute to the regulation of T-cells apoptosis, based on the association between PDL-1 and STAT3 expression (49-51). Due to the limitation of study numbers, further high-quality investigations are needed to verify this conclusion.

Admittedly, our review still had several limitations for the following causes. First, only 3 eligible studies focusing on STAT3 polymorphism and TKIs-induced events were included in this systematic review. More clinical studies of high-quality and large sample size are required to strength our conclusion and make further confirmation. Second, we reported three different adverse events caused by TKIs in three individual investigations, which might lead to limited statistical validity and dispersed conclusion. Third, only Asian population was analyzed to evaluate the association. The deficiency of multiple ethnicities might weaken the credible power of the association. Further studies focusing on other ethnicities are also needed.

Acknowledgements

Funding: None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/amj.2017.05.09). Dr. Xiao Li serves as an unpaid Section Editor of AME Medical Journal. The other authors has no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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doi: 10.21037/amj.2017.05.09
Cite this article as: Miao C, Xu A, Zheng Y, Liang C, Zhu J, Tian Y, Ma B, Lu P, Xu W, Li X. Association of STAT3 polymorphism with tyrosine kinase inhibitors-induced safety and efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. AME Med J 2017;2:69.

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